Magnetos play an important role in modern aviation. These magnetic devices are used to provide ignition for aircraft engines. Magnetos supply spark plugs with an electrical current. Using this electrical current, the spark plugs can ignite the mixture of air and fuel in the engine’s combustion chamber. Here are several facts about magnetos in aviation.
#1) Not Connected to the Electrical Systems
While their sole purpose is to provide an electrical current to the spark plugs, magnetos are independent of an airplane’s electrical system. They are essentially independent of the airplane’s main electrical power. As a result, magnetos can continue to provide ignition in the event of electrical failure.
#2) Most Airplanes Have Two Magnetos Per Engine
Most airplanes have two magnetos per engine. If an airplane has a single engine, it will likely have two magnetos. If it has two engines, it will likely have four magnetos. Each magneto powers its own set of spark plugs, and each engine cylinder receives an electrical current from both magnetos.
#3) Not the Same as Electromagnets
Contrary to common belief, magnetos aren’t the same as electromagnets. Electromagnets generate a magnetic field by passing an electrical current through a wire coil. Magnetos, on the other hand, generate an electrical current with a rotating permanent magnet.
#4) Exclusive to Turbine Engines
You typically won’t find magnetos in airplanes with turbofans. Instead, they are exclusive to airplanes with turbine engines, such as turboprops. Turbofan aircraft use a battery, auxiliary power unit (APU) or generator for initial power. Turbofans are jet engines, which generally require a high-intensity, high-temperature spark for ignition.
#5) Consists of Several Components
A typical magneto consists of several components: a permanent magnet, coil, condenser and distributor. The permanent magnet produces the magnetic field. The coil increases the voltage. The condenser prevents arcing at the breaker points. The distributor routes the electrical current to the appropriate spark plug.
#6) Promote Proper Engine Timing
Magnetos promote proper engine timing. They ensure that cylinders fire at the right time. If a spark comes too early, the engine may succumb to detonation, resulting in damage. If a spark comes too late, the engine’s power and efficiency will suffer. Magnetos are designed to provide sparks at the right time so that problems such as these don’t occur.
In Conclusion
Magnetos remain a vital part of aircraft engine operation, ensuring reliable ignition even when other systems fail. By working independently of the airplane’s electrical system and providing precise engine timing, they add an extra layer of safety and efficiency.
